Solutions-Class-10-CBSE-NCERT-Social Science-History-Chapter-3-The Making of a Global World

Two examples of different types of global exchange were

• Before the 17th century, China exported silk and pottery to Europe in exchange for gold and silver from Europe. This trade was carried out using the traditional 'silk route'.
• Many common food items like potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies and sweet potatoes were introduced into Europe from America, after it was discovered by Christopher Columbus at the end of the 15th century.

The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world led to the colonisation of the Americas in the following ways

• When the Portuguese and Spanish went to the Americas, they had strong armies — but it wasn't just weapons that helped them take control.
• They also brought germs and viruses from Europe.
• The people living in the Americas had never been exposed to these diseases before, so they had no immunity (natural protection).

As a result:

• Diseases like smallpox spread very quickly,
• Entire communities fell sick or died,
• This made it easier for the Europeans to conquer the land.

These germs were deadlier than guns, because:

• Guns could be fought with or taken,
• But no one could escape from the diseases.

European diseases killed many Native Americans, which helped colonisers take control of the Americas faster and more easily.

To protect British farmers, the government stopped the import of cheaper grains from other countries. These rules were called the Corn Laws.

Because of the Corn Laws, food became very expensive, which made city people and factory owners unhappy. They pressured the government, and the Corn Laws were finally removed.

• After the abolition of the Corn Laws, food could be imported into Britain at much cheaper rate than before.
• British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated and thousands of people lost their livelihood. They came to the cities in search of works or migrated overseas.

• The coming of rinderpest to Africa caused a loss of livelihood for countless Africans. Rinderpest was a cattle plague spread by Asian cattle taken to Africa to feed the Italian soldiers by the European colonisers.
• The disease infected the African cattle, which spread like 'forest fire'. Rinderpest killed 90 per cent of the cattle. This virtually destroyed the African economic system based on cattle and land.
• Africans, who worked rearing cattle, were unemployed and forced to earn their livelihood by working in mines and on plantations set-up by the Europeans.
• Using this situation to their advantage, colonizing nations successfully monopolised cattle resources.
• By this, they strengthen their power and forced Africans into the labour market.

The death of most men of working age in Europe due to the World War reduced the workforce of able-bodied people with fewer members in the family. Many families lost their earning members, so household incomes fell. As a result, women had to take jobs to support their families.

• The Great Depression immediately affected Indian trade in agricultural goods. Indian exports and imports nearly halved between 1928-1934.
• As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged. Wheat prices fell in India by 50 per cent and prices of raw jute crashed by 60 per cent. Peasants and farmers were worst hit.
• The colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands in spite of this. The jute producers of Bengal faced a severe loss. The depression less affected urban land- owners and salaried people, who had fixed income.

The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries led to increased world trade and capital flows. These are as follows

• The low cost structure of these economies enabled mass production at a much lower cost.
• It led to a stimulation of world trade and capital flow.
• It benefitted the Asian countries by increase of employment and a quick economic transformation.

Two examples of impact of technology on food availability

• The technique of cold storage and use of refrigerated ships boosted the export of perishable foods over long distances. Meat exported from America, Australia and New Zealand could be sent to Europe where meat was not available easily or cheaply.
• Faster railways, larger ships and lighter wagons enabled cheaper and quicker movement of perishable foodstuffs from far away farms to their final markets. Now the poor in Europe could add meat (even butter and egg) to their daily diet.

• The Bretton Woods Agreement was an agreement to preserve global economic stability and full employment in the industrialised world. The Bretton Woods Conference was held in July of 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.
• Under the Bretton Woods Agreement, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), popularly known as the World Bank were established.
• The IMF and the World Bank are referred to as the Bretton Woods Institutions or Bretton Woods twins.
• The decisions in these institutions were mostly controlled by Western powers.

Dear Mother and Father,

I hope this letter finds you in good health. It has been several years since I left our village in eastern Uttar Pradesh, and I feel the weight of distance and time more with each passing day.

• I had come here to the Caribbean with the hope of escaping the poverty and suffering in our village. Like many others from Bihar, central India, and Tamil Nadu, I signed a contract promising to work for five years on a sugar plantation, with the belief that I could return home after that.
• But life here is not what we expected. When we left India, many of us were not even told how far we were going or how long the sea journey would be. The ship journey itself was long, cramped, and full of sickness. Some were forced to come — they were tricked or even captured.
• The work here is back-breaking. We rise before sunrise and toil in the harsh sun all day. The conditions on the plantation are very tough — we have few rights, and the overseers are often cruel. Many of us fall ill, and some have tried to run away into the wild forests rather than continue this suffering. People call this the "new system of slavery", and I now understand why.
• But even in this difficult life, we try to hold on to our culture and spirit. Some of us have found ways to express ourselves — through songs, dances, and festivals that remind us of home. It brings us comfort in a land that is not ours.

I do not know yet if I will return home after my contract ends. Some who came before me have decided to stay back, build families, and start a new life here, far away from everything they knew. Others still hold onto the dream of returning to India one day.

Please give my love to everyone back home. I miss you all dearly. Life is hard here, but I remain strong with the hope that one day, I may see you again.

Your loving son,

The three types of movements or flows in international economic exchange are

(i) Flow of Trade : This refers to trade in goods like wheat, cotton, etc.

Historically, fine cotton cloth was produced in India by weavers and exported to European countries. But when the industrial revolution started in Europe and the

European countries imposed tariff barriers, the export of textiles dropped drastically. In fact, India started exporting raw cotton and importing mill-made cloth from England.

(ii) Flow of Labour : This refers to migration of people in search of employment.

During the 19th century, a large number of Indian labourers migrated to Africa, the West Indies and other countries.

They migrated to work on plantations, in mines, in railway and road construction projects set-up by the Europeans. These Indians settled in the countries where they had gone after their contracts ended and now their descendants are found in these countries.

(iii) Flow of Capital : This refers to movement of capital over long distances for short-term and long-term investments.

Groups of Indian financers, traders like the Shroffs, Chettiars, etc financed agriculture and plantations in various Asian and African countries. They use their own funds or those borrowed from European banks.

The causes of the Great Depression were

Effects of the First World War: The Great Depression was the result of war.

• During the war, factories produced more goods for the army, so demand was high.
• After the war ended, the demand suddenly dropped.
• This caused many industries to stop production, and agricultural prices also fell.

Overproduction in Agriculture:

• Farmers produced more crops than needed.
• As prices dropped, farmers earned less.
• To earn the same income, they produced even more, but this only pushed prices down further, making things worse.

Shortage of Loans:

• In the 1920s, many countries borrowed money from the USA to invest and grow.
• When economic trouble started, American lenders stopped giving loans.
• Countries that depended on these loans went into a serious crisis.

Collapse of Banks:

• As prices kept falling and panic grew, banks in the USA stopped giving loans.
• Many banks went bankrupt and had to shut down.
• Factories closed, leading to more job losses.
• The entire US banking system collapsed.

Massive Unemployment:

• Farmers couldn’t sell their crops, so businesses failed.
• This caused huge unemployment, and the crisis grew even worse.

• The G-77 is a coalition of developing nations designed to promote its members collective, economic interest and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity for the United Nations.
• Later on, more developing countries joined the group and now it consists of about 135 countries. They have demanded a New International Economic Order (NIEO) in which they have a real control over their natural resources.
• By NIEO, they got more development assistance and fairer prices for raw materials and better access to the markets in developed countries for their manufactured goods.
• G-77 was seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins. The Bretton Woods twins, IMF and World Bank were mainly set-up to favour the developed nations. As a result, most developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth that the Western economics experienced in the 1950s and 1960s.
• So, they organised themselves as a group-the group of 77 or G-77, to demand a new economic order. They also wanted a better opportunity for their manufactured goods in the markets of developed nations.

Student should do it by self.

Britain removes Corn Laws (allows cheap food imports)

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Cheaper food starts coming into Britain from abroad

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More demand for food in Britain due to industrial growth

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Countries like America, Australia, Eastern Europe expand food production

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More land cleared for agriculture in these regions

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Need for more labour to work on farms and railways

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Large-scale migration of people to America and Australia

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People move to work on farms, railways, ports, etc.

This shows how a decision taken in Britain had a global effect, especially on migration patterns in the 19th century.

The world 'shrank' in the 1500s can be understood as follows

• Europeans discovered the sea route to Asia and trade activities increased between Asia and Europe.
• The American continent was discovered only when the sea route through the Atlantic Ocean to America was found.
• Due to both of the above reasons, there was increased interaction among the people living in various continents of the world, thus causing the world to shrink' in metaphorical terms.

Language and traditions are not just ways of communication or celebration — they are powerful tools that help people feel part of a nation, giving them a shared identity, history, and pride.

Language Unites People :

• A common language helps people from different regions feel connected.
• It allows people to communicate, share ideas, and understand each other better.
• For example, German or Hindi helped bring together people in Germany or India who spoke different dialects but shared a national language.

Revival of Folk Traditions

• Folk songs, dances, festivals, and stories remind people of their shared past and values.
• These traditions create a sense of belonging and cultural pride.
• In many countries, oral traditions were collected and written down to keep the national spirit alive.

Resistance to Foreign Rule

• In colonised nations, local language and traditions were used to oppose foreign culture and rule.
• Promoting native languages helped people protect their identity from being replaced by the coloniser’s culture.

Symbols of Unity and Pride

• Language and traditions are used as symbols of the nation — they remind people of who they are.
• They create emotional bonds between citizens and the idea of the nation.

Example: In India, freedom fighters used Hindi, folk songs, and festivals to awaken national feelings. In Europe, writers like Grimm Brothers collected German folk tales to build German national identity.

• According to the jute growers' lament, only the traders and moneylenders profited from jute cultivation, not the growers.
• Peasants of Bengal cultivated raw jute which was processed in factories for export in the form of gunny bags. They grew raw jute hoping that a better time would come and there would be increase in exports.
• But this did not happen as gunny exports collapsed due to the depression.
• Due to glut in the local market, the price of raw jute crashed by more than 60 per cent and so, they fell into heavy debt.
• Thus, only the traders and moneylenders profited from jute cultivation, not the farmers.

Two lessons learnt by economists and politicians from the inter-war economic experience were

• An industrial society based on large production is unsustainable without consumption on a large scale. For this, high and stable incomes through full employment are necessary.
• Economic links of a country should be maintained with other countries. The target of full employment could be achieved only if the governments has power to control the flow of capital, labour and goods. The government should take appropriate steps to achieve the goal.